select case when :distance <= 200 then K_200
                   when :distance <= 400 then K_400
                   when :distance <= 600 then K_600
                   when :distance <= 800 then K_800
                   else K_800_OVER
           end as result
from 테이블
 where 자전거 = 'K02';

WITH TABLE_A AS (
SELECT 'K01' AS 자전거, 80 AS K_200, 70 AS K_400, 65 AS K_600, 54 AS K_800, 30 AS K_800_OVER FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'K02' AS 자전거, 90 AS K_200, 80 AS K_400, 55 AS K_600, 44 AS K_800, 32 AS K_800_OVER FROM DUAL 
)
, TABLE_B AS (
SELECT 'K02' AS 자전거, 358 AS K FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 'K02' AS 자전거, 150 AS K FROM DUAL 
)
SELECT 
 A.자전거
,CASE WHEN B.K < 200 THEN A.K_200 
      WHEN B.K < 400 THEN A.K_400 
      WHEN B.K < 600 THEN A.K_600 
      WHEN B.K < 800 THEN A.K_800 
      ELSE A.K_800_OVER
 END AS K
FROM TABLE_A A
INNER JOIN TABLE_B B
ON A.자전거 = B.자전거

원하시는 방식이 맞는지 모르겠네요.

테이블 설계가 좀 바뀌어야할것 같네요.

그냥 하드코딩으로 SQL 뽑아야 됩니다.

변경할수있는 모델을 만들어 쓰셔야할듯합니다.